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...d violence and that practices terror, arbitrariness and direct violence as the principal method of state administration; power based on direct violence, u ...oligarchic regimes under the control of the nomenclatural (leadership) of the Communist Party, which held absolute power.

...tion of the value of every human being as a personality for itself and for the society to which it belongs; 2) Honorary position, employment and situation ...and society, and allows the latter to recognize in practice the rights of the human personality and formulate requirements from it.

(Gk. diploma, document). The science and art of inter-state relations; diplomatic corps and career; syst ...the entire range of methods and procedures of interstate negotiations for the purpose of reaching bilateral or multilateral commitments and agreements am

...riving or curtailing of rights and privileges. One form of political d. is the restriction of a person’s or group’s right to vote or to be elected to ...claim for themselves. Such a procedure is correlated with an objectifying “look” (a sensibility or an ideology) vis à vis human reality.

...m. The struggle against d. facilitates the free development of science and the spread of knowledge concerning nature and society. ...piritual and social progress, ultimately leading to the objectification of the culture, to its isolation and [[destructing]].

...an e. In general terms, e. is concerned with the adaptation of species and the environmental factors affecting them (soil, climate, other species, etc.). ...stems. The study of ecosystems is based on systems theory and cybernetics. The ecosystem includes a body of biotic (species) and abiotic elements which ar

...We also speak of rudimentary, underground, and prosperous e., according to the interpretative framework used to measure productivity. ...ons. The central ideas of the project of humanizing the e. are outlined in the “Statement of New Humanism” ([[Humanist Statement]]).

...ary, intermediate, technical school, university, adult and special e. (for the deaf, blind, etc.), distance e., self study and other branches. There are d ...’s ideology, culture, morality and orientation toward life and work, e. is the most important and traditional source of socialization.

...tes wins the election. Elections can be general, or limited to one part of the electorate; by secret ballot or open election, or by acclamation; direct or ...speak of liberty in a particular situation rather than in abstract terms. The act of eluding or postponing an e. is also an e.

...zations, and the election of their officials and functionaries, as well as the monitoring of their activities. ...thods for the scrutiny of the ballots and for the distribution of seats in the parliament (in both majority and proportional systems).

The most select, distinguished layer of informal leaders that stand out in each

In social relations this is a question of achieving the e. of oppressed groups or social strata (servants, slaves, women, homosexua ...forms. The principal objective of the activities of N.H. is the search for the full range of possibilities for eliminating all factors of oppression so th

...remises. E.H. is the clearest, most commonplace example of the exercise of the humanist attitude (*).

...remises. E.H. is the clearest, most commonplace example of the exercise of the humanist [[attitude]].

...Locke, Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, and other thinkers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. ...ing qualitatively both the human being and all of society, contributing to the humanization of life.

...e through a maximum decentralization of the centers of decision-making and the application of measures for [[self-governance]] that allow each person to f

...Principle that recognizes in all citizens the capacity or possibility for the same rights. ...nctions, social roles, etc. This [[alienation]] of the human being creates the illusion of universal e.

...den transformations, especially artificial interventions, in the course of the natural process. ...idea of e., but also, for example, in the field of the social sciences, in the idea of [[revolution]], which implies a rupture or discontinuity in an evol

...he meaning and contradictions of human life. From the point of view of e., the individual is not a mechanical part of a single totality (generation, class ...e spirit of pessimism and even despair characterizes all the tendencies of the existentialist movement.

...slightly modified version of the lecture he had given on the same topic at the Club Maintenant in Paris. Sartre presented and defended the thesis that existentialism is a humanism as follows:

...in the “outward” position of the consciousness, which has as its reference the peripheral, tactile-cenesthesia register (*internal landscape).

...nal argument. Acceptance of or agreement with words or statements based on the authority or reputation of their source; confidence, assurance that a thing The psychological state of a subject, expressed in ideas and images, that serve

In botany and zoology the term f. designates a taxonomic group constituted by several natural genera ...categories vary according to the legislation of each country, depending on the degree of family protection and security provided and refers, among other c

...-humanist movement. F. denies human rights and leads to the degradation of the personality. ...gh war, and in this endeavor it was principally responsible for unleashing the Second World War, which by official count cost more than fifty million huma

...sembled the nobility from different countries, organizing crusades against the infidels. ...branded as heretical by the official Church and cruelly repressed through the crusades.

...love is the tendency of human beings to join in solidarity with others on the basis of shared human dignity. ...upper hierarchy of the Church, and the term is still used in this sense by the clergy.

...tional actions. G(s). contribute to the development of the personality and the formation of habits, abilities and skills, making it a possible form of tea

...d Gandhi, better known as Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948). In 1893 he organized the Indians of South Africa in a campaign of passive resistance against discrim ...gressive elements and patriarchal social forms, since rendered outmoded by the historical process.

...its condition of historical society, as occurred in the [[destructing]] of the ancient empires. ...tionship with the g. in power in which we can observe the [[new surpassing the old]].

...erest to all peoples, and their solution demands coordinated action by all the world’s states and international organizations. ...ppropriate use of the resources of the world’s oceans and outer space; and the elimination of poverty and overcoming of underdevelopment.

...ou.” Herodotus recorded the existence of the G.R. among various peoples of the ancient world. For N.H., the G.R. constitutes the ethical basis of every personal and social action.

Organizations that arise through the initiative of residents and neighbors of communities, ghettos and poor neig ...work in defense of human rights, always emphasizing the right to life and the free expression of ideas and opinions.

(LL. hierarchia; Gr. hierarchia). Order or rank of persons or things; each of the nuclei or groupings that make up any ranking system. In information science, h. is understood as the priority given to any element, datum, or instruction of a program, prior to

...nd Arabic cultures, trade with cultures of the Orient, and a broadening of the geographic horizon all formed part of a context that gave incentive to a co

...cal philosophies, had abandoned humankind as the central value, converting the human being into an epiphenomenon of other powers.

...attitude had to undergo numerous advances and setbacks until it penetrated the general consciousness.

...generations and their surrounding landscape are the dynamic structures of the minimal system called h.m.

...the problems of h. arises when it is comprehended that the description of the historian’s landscape is also made from a perspective. However, this meta

...le object perception, but an unveiling of meanings and intentions in which the human being recognizes himself.

...de. 4) Any doctrine that proclaims the solidarity and freedom of choice of the human being can be designated “a” h.

...unded in Moscow on May 27, 1991. H.c. typically adhere to the Statement of the [[Humanist Movement]] and frequently establish active relations with other

...d conventional wisdom or that imposed as absolute truth; 5) affirmation of the freedom of ideas and beliefs; and 6) repudiation of violence. ...derstood as a “sensibility,” a way of approaching the human world in which the intentionality and freedom of others are acknowledged and in which one assu

...y; 8) art and popular expression; 9) religiosity; 10) grassroots groups of the social base; 11) political parties; 12) alternative movements; 13) alternat ...on October 7-8, 1993; the second in Mexico City on January 7-9, 1994; and the third in Santiago, Chile on January 7-8, 1995.

...hich time the Humanist Statement ([[Humanist Statement]]) was presented as the ideological basis of International Humanism.

...mong them John Dewey. Written with a strong naturalist tone. In this as in the later Humanist Manifesto II, there is great emphasis on personal freedom an

...al liberties, among them in particular the rights to suicide, abortion and the practice of euthanasia.

...on cultures increases and, of course, as the linear historical account of the nineteenth century is challenged. ...on, but which have eventually come to an end, deviating from and annulling the initial direction.

...ive groups on the basis of criteria of non-discrimination, reciprocity and the convergence of diversity.

...3) The Humanist Position; 4) From Naive Humanism to Conscious Humanism; 5) The Anti-Humanist Camp; and 6) Humanist Action Fronts. The complete text of the Humanist Statement follows:

...they have since been interpreted in the histology and cultural history of the previous century.

...In a more restricted sense, any person who participates in the activity of the [[Humanist Movement]].

...uable from the point of view of commitment with the most pressing needs of the human being. Any action characterized by [[solidarity]] is, to greater or l

(from L. humanitas: human genre) Sensitivity, compassion for the misfortunes of our fellow humans; benignancy, gentleness, affability. ...000 years ago on the Arabian peninsula. In a narrow sense, h. includes all the present generations, i.e., approximately 6,400,000,000 persons, who now inh

..., mean that i. tries to reduce being or reality to the consciousness or to the subject. ...ortance on the “realities,” “facts,” perceived without taking into account the perspective from which they are considered.

...eeing political persecution, to save one’s life, seeking personal dignity, the right to write and publish works, engage in artistic or journalistic activi The majority of immigrants seek refuge from civil wars, genocide, religious per

...cal, economic, or military control. In this sense, political annexation is the clearest case of i. ...ents it being labeled an “empire” in a structural sense. In reality, after the fifteenth century, what have been called “empires” have been in fact me

...e realized through the activities of concrete human beings and not through the actions of supra-human entities. ...ains. Individualist extremism [or: Extreme individualism] found an echo in the anarchist doctrines of Stirner and Bakunin.

(from L. initiare, to begin). Manifestation of the social activity of human beings when they take it upon themselves to make a ...tion toward innovative conduct in the individual’s psychosocial structure, the presence of a certain predisposition to leadership.

...he i.l. is experienced in the “inward” posture of the consciousness having the peripheral tactile-cenesthesia register as reference (*External landscape.

...roduction and use based on general recognition of its economic results and the existence of demand. ...rocesses of modernization of society and create the premises for resolving the crises of a given moment.

...s, force and energy of any creative activity of the human being, including the creation of one’s own life. Without i. there is no existence. ...d development of Husserl’s phenomenological method and the contribution of the existentialist currents of thought (*existentialism), intentionality has em

...involving on occasion positions irreconcilably opposed, as in the case of the concepts of internationalist imperialism (globalization) and internationali ...ntly, a number of socialist movements based their i. on the cooperation of the proletariat, independent of national identity.

Doctrine, system and religious, political and social principles of the Jesuits or attributed to them; practice of dissemblance as a system of life ...the hypocritically disguised perversity and corruption that is regarded as the personification of J.

...gives to each what is their, or the set of all the virtues that constitute the goodness of whoever possesses them. ...on of rewards and punishments; legal j., which obliges the subject to obey the dispositions of their superior; and ordinary j. or common law, as opposed t

...events to make such events have, in and of themselves, the structure that the individual attributes to them. ...al adjustment of situations based on one’s own experiences. In this sense, the l. of f. acts as a “backdrop” for one’s interpretations and actions,

...perty. Movement of the mouth and other parts of the face that demonstrates the happiness of a person or group. ...in such appearances are thrown into sharp relief, a rupture is produced in the concealment of these defects. Such a rupture has a variety of consequences,

...sary rule, an act of sovereign authority. A necessary relationship between the phenomena of nature. L., unlike custom, tradition, or faith, is a juridical ...he system of juridical norms (*Legislation) and represents the province of the Law.

...sporting event. This term has been extended to the political sphere and to the sociology of sports. The charismatic l. enjoys legitimacy, or better, emotional and rational recogni

...citizens and institutions of a state. Juridical order. Also understood as the science of laws. ...ed out the common will of the estates in the form of laws. In modern times the principle of separation of powers is observed, and legislative power is so

...he truth of a thing or the quality of a person or thing in conformity with the laws in effect. ...n or juridical validation of the authority or concrete act on the basis of the political constitution and existing law. L. instills trust in citizens and

...red in 1814–1815, and which was considered by the monarchist circles to be the legitimate government of France. ...nd Republic (1848-1852), the legitimist joined with the Orleanists to form the “party of order,” which was monarchist and clerical.

...the human personality. Refers to time free from the activity of producing the material goods necessary for subsistence. L. excludes time used for work, t ...arious substitutes that dehumanize life, deform the personality, and lower the cultural level of society.

...not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of Nature for his rule... Freedom is not... ‘ liberty for every one t ...far does the right to property extend? To the point where one can “enjoy” the use of it.

...erive the concept of liberty from the nothingness out of which God created the world. In existentialist philosophy (*Existentialism), l. and existence are ...bsolute value on l. and deny any dependence whatever of the human being on the laws of development of nature.

...s also how we designate the passion of the sexes and the relationship with the beloved. ...orce that assures mutual aid and [[Solidarity]] among human beings, beyond the normally established limits between social groups and states.

...ted in the “[[Humanist Statement or Statement of new Humanism|Statement of the Humanist Movement]]”.

...d treachery is also regarded as M. Insofar as it concerns itself only with the utility of results, M. is considered a form of pragmatism.

...no option to interact with them. At the present time, limitations on m. by the media are provided by rating systems, but this in turn is frequently manipu

...ate position, and maintain family, economic, social and cultural ties with the traditional groups of their origin. ...the fringes of possession of rights that are commonly held by the rest of the population, and who suffer from social conditions of inferiority.

...a Marxist-Leninist or Marxist school that includes mainly the writings of the initial author, Engels, Lenin, and others. In N.H., this ideology is consid ...SSR, including some relevant points from the article “Marxism-Leninism” in the Dictionary of Scientific Communism published in Moscow in 1985.

...ophical doctrine that considers matter as the sole constitutive reality of the real world. According to this view, matter in its higher forms (organic mat ..., by the narrative of modernity. Today, in light of the new conceptions of the human being and science, these postures are being subjected to extensive re

...anguage. 2) Formal language that employs special symbols, used to describe the syntax of programming languages.

Study of the interrelationships between the language and culture of a given people.

...ollowed in the sciences to verify a concept or to teach it. Ordered set of the principal elements of an art. ...d by the application of deductive or inductive and experimental judgments. The contribution of statistical-mathematical procedures to determine certain co

...sm. Encompasses the sectors situated between the upper and lower levels in the social pyramid, and contributes to social stability. ...and modern sector is composed of the levels that develop with progress in the technical-scientific and information fields (small-scale entrepreneurs with

...s) is presented as the extension of “western culture” to other areas, with the resulting displacement of vernacular cultures and languages. ...These societies attempt to overcome their marginality by integrating into the universal process.

...ll countries, and advocates peaceful coexistence, nuclear disarmament, and the reorganization of international economic relations. ...via and included 25 nonaligned states. 102 nonaligned nations took part in the 1989 conference.

...ermany and Austria; Spain and the Spanish-speaking Latin American nations; the Arab states, etc.). ...colonial system and the appearance of hundred new nation states following the Second World War.

...nal consciousness and that defend their common interests, in opposition to the interests of other collectivizes. ...nt ethnic or religious groups was relatively low, and was compensated with the subservience to one or another ruler that utilized extra-economic coercion

...leader of N.S., he imposed its ideology and anti-Semitic practice. N.S. is the clearest example of anti-humanist thought in modern times.

Pertaining or relating to a nation. Doctrine and movement glorifying the national personality or what is presented as such by its proponents; doctri ...nflicts with other nations. In the latter, n. becomes chauvinism, in which the rights of other nations and oppressed national minorities are disregarded a

...nd themselves subject to the fluctuations of a market in fact dominated by the great powers.

...best tool available to imperialist penetration in its task of eliminating the national state.

...ism, not a repetitive humanism; a humanism that, aware of the paradoxes of the times, aspires to resolve them. ...ure, which is rapidly becoming a closed system (*Planetarization) in which the practical attitudes and theoretical “values” of anti-humanism (*) incre

...is made up primarily of students and intellectuals along with an influx of the “new poor.” ...hat characterize the developed countries. At the same time, they criticize the Communists for their bureaucratization, anti-humanism and corruption.

...ferences in trade relationships with developed countries; normalization of the international monetary system; stimulating exports of products from develop

...The majority of the n.p. quickly lose access to benefits and services for the unemployed. The n.p. frequently find themselves forced to work as day-laborers or occasiona

Ideological and political current that emerged in the developed countries in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ...before public opinion their neo-pagan concepts and thus win recruits among the young.

...umankind. Due to the active participation of scientists and professionals, the intellectual potential of such organizations is significant. ...Governmental Organizations had been authorized by UNESCO to participate in the Benefit for Consultative Agencies. It meets every other year in Paris, Fran

...cy to imagine a universe that tends to lose energy and order. In this way, the organizations of increasing complexity were seen as singular cases, as phen ...ated into the new evolutionary step, and the elements that do not adapt to the changed conditions are discarded.